Multidisciplinary Needs of Juvenile Offenders

Introduction Juvenile offenders are increasing everyday worldwide over the past years. Most of the youths in juvenile justice system suffer from psychological or emotional disorders as well as drug abuse. However, detention centers for the young offenders lack the appropriate facilities to detect and treat such illnesses. The common problems facing the youth are substance abuse, behavioral and mental disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Multidisciplinary Needs of Juvenile Offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These disorders puts the affected youths at high risks of behaving inappropriately in the society such as sexual abuse. Emotional disorders occur when a youth lacks the ability to function properly due to anxiety and most likely depression. Behavioral disorders occur when the youth acts in a way that causes harm and distress to other members of the society. Boys are more affected by these disorder s than the girls who are only affected most by traumas from past events. Drug abuse and dependency by the youth makes them turn to crime acts. Assessment of these disorders is necessary to help determine the best ways of dealing with them as well as ensuring that legal issues concerning the matter are addressed. Juvenile competence should also be assessed because developmental immaturity may limit them in making decisions and dealing with trials. Assessment is therefore a necessary step in determining youths that require immediate mental attention. They provide a complete evaluation of juvenile behaviors and helps making decisions on treatments to be given. Abuse of drugs is becoming a very common behavior amongst the youth. Just like mental disorders, drug abuse needs to be addressed and assessed as well to determining the factors that are causing them to use drugs. Most of the young drug abusers use the drugs to deal with depression resulting from unemployment, pressure from paren ts and others take drugs due to influence and pressure from friends (Montaldo, 2010, p. 1). Approaches towards young offenders The most effective approach to mental disorders in youths is the accessibility to mental health centers to treat the disorders before getting to critical status where they cannot be controlled. Young drug abusers should be rehabilitated and counseled by psychologists to help them find other ways of solving their problems apart from turning to alcohol. The program to be adopted for rehabilitation should be appropriate in that it will not worsen the problem or fail to work (Mahoney, 2004, p. 1). The decision on the program should be based on the individual’s needs and risks as well as the kind of disorder one has. A community-based treatment program is more effective because the safety of society members needs to be addressed as well. Successful rehabilitation programs require good management systems including training of the rehabilitation staff member s. Supervision teams should be employed to assess the progress of the treatments given.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For effective treatment programs, therapy should be given continuously and monitored periodically. Medical attention may also be helpful where the offenders suffer from depression and mental disorders (Mahoney, 2004, p. 1). Limitations faced The major limitation facing the rehabilitation programs for young offenders is lack of co-operation between staff members which may include different ministries and departments. Some members of the judiciary may have a bad attitude towards the process showing no interest in improving the lives of the young members of the society. Communities in most cases have negative attitudes towards law offenders regardless of the age and do not like being associated with them. As a result of this, the youths do not get the necessary suppo rt that the community should give them in efforts of making their community safer and better. Reference List Mahoney, D. (2004). Addressing the needs of Juvenile Offenders. Web. Montaldo, C. (2010). Juvenile Offenders Need Mental Health Treatment. Web. This essay on Multidisciplinary Needs of Juvenile Offenders was written and submitted by user Silas Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Inducstrial Revolutions Effects

Social Studies 20 – Module 2 Section 1 Assignment: The Industrial Revolution and it’s Effects on the Modern World The world is better off today because of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution not only changed manufacturing and technology, but also the way that people live their everyday lives. The Industrial Revolution started in England in the late 1700s. British people started to use machines to make textiles and steam engines to run machines. Sometime after that locomotives were invented. By 1850 most Englishmen had left their farms and small towns and were laboring in industrial cities. Eventually the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Europe and to North America. The important changes of the Industrial Revolution were 1. The invention of machines to do work previously performed with the use of hand tools. 2. The use of steam in place of muscles. 3. The invention of the factory system. These inventions helped people in many ways. The workweek prior to the Industrial Revolution was around 84 hours; today the average person works about forty hours a week. Also, the work is not as physically demanding today, at work or in the home. Today pe ople purchase goods like clothing and food at stores, where as prior to the revolution all these items had to be made in the home. Before the Industrial Revolution people who worked outside or inside the home worked much harder and longer than we do today. For example, a mother who stayed at home during the day would have spent most of her time preparing meals and staple foods like bread and cheese, as well as making and cleaning clothing, and gathering wood for the fire. Peoples’ homes are more spacious today, with emanates like electricity and running hot and cold water. We also have entertainment and other luxury items, which make our everyday lives more enjoyable. Because of the Industrial Revolution, people today have more material items as well as more free tim... Free Essays on Inducstrial Revolution's Effects Free Essays on Inducstrial Revolution's Effects Social Studies 20 – Module 2 Section 1 Assignment: The Industrial Revolution and it’s Effects on the Modern World The world is better off today because of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution not only changed manufacturing and technology, but also the way that people live their everyday lives. The Industrial Revolution started in England in the late 1700s. British people started to use machines to make textiles and steam engines to run machines. Sometime after that locomotives were invented. By 1850 most Englishmen had left their farms and small towns and were laboring in industrial cities. Eventually the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Europe and to North America. The important changes of the Industrial Revolution were 1. The invention of machines to do work previously performed with the use of hand tools. 2. The use of steam in place of muscles. 3. The invention of the factory system. These inventions helped people in many ways. The workweek prior to the Industrial Revolution was around 84 hours; today the average person works about forty hours a week. Also, the work is not as physically demanding today, at work or in the home. Today pe ople purchase goods like clothing and food at stores, where as prior to the revolution all these items had to be made in the home. Before the Industrial Revolution people who worked outside or inside the home worked much harder and longer than we do today. For example, a mother who stayed at home during the day would have spent most of her time preparing meals and staple foods like bread and cheese, as well as making and cleaning clothing, and gathering wood for the fire. Peoples’ homes are more spacious today, with emanates like electricity and running hot and cold water. We also have entertainment and other luxury items, which make our everyday lives more enjoyable. Because of the Industrial Revolution, people today have more material items as well as more free tim...

Toyota Management Strategic Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Management Strategic Choices - Essay Example Great encouragement arose from the Japanese government that needed domestically produced vehicles. Toyota Motor Company was established in 1937 as a stand alone and separate company. The name of the company was changed because it was believed by the Japanese that Toyota, eight is believed a luckier number(Black & Miller, 2008). Moreover, the first car and truck by the company was produced in 1935, the model A1 and G1 respectively. An era of rapid expansion overtook the Toyota Company in 1945 when the company was permitted to sell to the United States military. At the post war times, the company made trucks for war to the military and in 1947 it made the model SA, Toyopet. The car was designed to be cheap and handle the rough terrain of postwar Japan. In the preceding two years, an SD model was successfully made and the Toyopet SF became the first popular Toyota car. In 1955, Toyota Company made the RH model with a 48 horse power and during that time, a year round closure of 8,400 car s was produced (Liker, 2004). In addition, Toyota started producing the Land cruiser, a civilian truck, in the same year. The start of Toyota international sales was characterized by the philosophy of making the production and designs of its products local, building the vehicles in the destined countries to adapt them and also stem up the long term relationships with local labor and local suppliers (Magee, 2008). The company produced the Corona, that had a relatively large interior space and extremely comfortable and had a low price and improved quality however rust was a serious drawback In business there are a category of schemes developed to analyze, maintain, and achieve competitive advantage. Two fundamental decisions accrue: to start with is whether to primarily compete on price, cost, or provide distinctive features that justify higher prices. Secondly, how broad the competitive scope or the market target is.(Pearlson & Saunders, 2010) To commence, the price (cost) leadership strategy was used, has been used and will be used in times to come for Toyota Company to obtain a competitive advantage over its rivals or competitors as Honda Motor Company and General Motors Company Limited to mention a few while maintaining profits in its business operations. The strategy advocates for the vehicles produced by the Toyota Company to always appeal to a broad section of the market at a lower cost. For instance, the Corona was lowly priced to suit the needs of the market and cover a range of customers ( Hoch, 1998) In an attempt to implement this strategy successfully, the company used exceptional efforts to reduce costs without an exclusion of features considered essential by buyers. This was by an establishment of Greenfield operations in the new countries. However, a critical cost advantage method was designed to ensure that the vehicles were so hard a task for the competitor to copy and match what Toyota Company produced. This strategy has a number of benchmarks : the marketplace is always dominated by forms of price competition and very high sensitive buyers, there are many buyers and the bargaining power is in their reach, there is a low switching cost for customers, there are few ways to achieve product differentiation that has more value to consumers and the product in the industry is the same by all sellers. (Pearlson & Saunde

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example For this analysis, focus would be on the public cloud where software and hardware systems are hosted in the remote data center of the provider as opposed to private cloud where the software and hardware systems are hosted in the enterprise of the customer. Thus, instead of having local servers and computers in the consumer’s premises, the provider provides a remote data center from which end users access the cloud through web browsers or mobile applications (Rountree & Castrillo, 2013). These cloud application providers seek to provide similar or better service as if the software programs were locally installed in the end-users’ computers. The capital investment involved in setting up a cloud would be mainly on the data center. This cost would be borne by the cloud provider who acquires all physical computing resources including networks, storage, servers and hosting infrastructure. On the other hand, the operation costs would be passed on to the users. The equipment an d assets in the data center belong to the service provide while the user would enter into a contract with the provider on a monthly or annual basis. Additionally, this cloud provider manages the computing infrastructure meant to provide the cloud services and runs the cloud software which provides the required services. The provider takes up the responsibility of deploying, configuring, maintaining and updating the way software applications operate on cloud infrastructure so as to meet the expected service provision levels. Therefore, the cloud provider would be expected to design, develop, procure, install, test, deploy, provide and manage the IT resources in cloud computing. Raj (2013) observes that this shift of capital demanding model to an operating expense model transfers material risk from the service user to the provider. DEPLOYMENT MODELS Organizational requirements on the services to be accessed from the cloud and the control needed varies greatly. Therefore, different ser vice models have been used to implement the cloud environment. During the early stages in the development of cloud computing, there were only two categorizations, private and public cloud according to Hollwarth (2012). These two shared specific characteristics. However, these categories were extended to cover forms like the hybrid cloud and even a more specialized model known as community cloud. Private cloud Private cloud infrastructure is solely operated for an organization made up of multiple consumers. According to Mell and Grance (2011), the ownership, management and operation of this cloud could be vested in the organization, an appointed third party or a combination of these. It could be hosted on or off premises. Accessibility would be through local area network, LAN or wide area network, WAN (Raj, 2013). This implies that the organization substantially holds control of the data center thus improves on privacy and security issues. Nonetheless, Hollwarth (2012) observes that private clouds could fail to be fully utilized as compared to public clouds and as such could fail to operate efficiently. Additionally, undertaking the control of security of the cloud could come with higher cost implications as opposed to public clouds. Community cloud Shared by various organizations, community cloud is exclusively provisioned for use by a specific consumer community sharing similar concerns such as compliance considerations, policy,

Lindt Truffles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lindt Truffles - Essay Example The product has lived up to his expectation and satisfied him. This makes him fall in love with the brand and not just become a consumer for life, but in effect a brand ambassador for the company. Good things in life are never free. If you have to consume the world’s finest brand of chocolates, you have to pay a price that is very fine too. Lindor Lindt Trufles are one of the most expensive chocolates in the world. The price itself brings out the target market for the Truffles; they are targeted towards the rich and well off people who can afford and who want to pay a very high price to consume. Price is a major factor, but not the only one. Another factor which identifies the target market for Lindt Trufles is people having aristocratic taste and love for fine items. They need not be very wealthy, but they need to have understanding of the value of things. Demand for Lindor Lindt Truffles is likely to be very stable and not affected by other factors. Although a seasonal variation is likely to occur, but in most cases the demand is fairly inelastic. This is because the consumers are unaffected by other events occurring such as changes in economic or political conditions. Also the chocolates happen to be a very insignificant portion of one’s income; it is not likely to be affected by changes in income. Chris Alleny. Best Chocolates in the world. Articles Base. November 28th 2008. Online. Available at: http://www.articlesbase.com/food-and-beverage-articles/best-chocolates-in-the-world-662334.html. [accessed: 16 April

Murder of Chandra Levy

Murder of Chandra Levy During the summer of 2001, the scandalous murder of twenty-four year old D.C intern, Chandra Levy, had been plastered all over the media. Levys 2001 disappearance formed into a national sensation, after the California native was romantically connected with former congressional representative Gary Condit. The Levy murder, after sixteen years, still remains as Washingtons most famous unsolved crime. There were very few people involved in the proposed scandal. One of the main individuals involved was congressman Gary Condit, a conservative Democrat. He was inconclusively linked to the disappearance of a federal intern, Chandra Levy. It is rumored the two were romantically involved, but Condit stuck heavily with his decision to not verify if this is true. Chandra Levy, native of Modesto, California was an intelligent being, who had a dream to save the world. She was known as a thrill seeker and wanted to become a modern version of Mata Hari, a WWI spy who infiltrated high levels of military commands. She graduated from the University of Southern California with a Masters degree in Public Administration. After interning for a few government members, she learned about the private world of high level politicians who had secret sex lives, Gary Condit for example. She was intrigued by this information, and could easily use her information to her advantage. The scandal between the notable congressman and the intern, was getting a lot of heat, tensions were on the rise. Rumors of Condits tenacious sexual appetite, and how Levy had been done away with, whether it was directly addressed or not by Condit, it is still a mystery. Their relationship could ruin his career and family. However, there are many different theories and versions of what actually happened between the two, although the facts tell the truth. Levy, was secretively an agent of an Israeli spy team called the MOSSAD that sees great importance of their relationships with the U.S, and would be unable to exist, without large amounts of help. The agency is dependent on critical intelligence information that is obtained through cooperation and or secretly. Levy was in the perfect position to gather top secret information, through her position of work and by using her female power of persuasion. Condit, being the senior member of the intelligence committee made him a prime target for such an operation. The seduction of such powerful government officials, provides foreign powers the added advantage of being able to bribe and control the unsuspecting targeted victims to acquire wanted information. After more than 14 months of investigation, Chandra Levys skull had mysteriously been found in Washingtons Rock Creek Park. on May 22st 2002 Although most of the incriminating evidence had been long gone due to the effects of time, it was clear that this was not an accident and had been declared a homicide. Ingmar Guandique, an illegal immigrant from El Salvador, was pinned as the murderer of Levy, all evidence pointed in his direction. Federal prosecutors could no longer prove a case against Guandique. The U.S. attorneys office of Washington concluded that it can no longer prove the murder case against Mr. Guandique beyond a reasonable doubt. (Hounding Gary Condit). The beginning and end of Condit and Levys scandal, took place from May of 2000 up until her disappearance on May 1st of 2001. All of the focus and attention this scandal received, had soon came crashing down along with the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. In March of 2002, Condit lost his bid for re-election, mostly because of his ties to the scandal, making this his first time ever losing an election. While the country was focusing on the scandal, the U.S and British forces had started war with Afghanistan. Lasting over thirteen years. There were enough surrounding events during the time of this case that could become more important to the public. Although Condit was never considered a suspect, rumors had circulated and had never been proven. There was no significant proof that he was involved in the disappearance and murder of Levy, which raised more than a few major red flags. Condit had been subject to a poly graph test at the request of Levys parents Robert and Susan Levy, after sources revealed that Condit admitted to having an affair with the intern. Although he failed to answer key questions it didnt effect the results. There was speculation that his results were tampered with. Andrew Schapiro, New York criminal defense lawyer mentioned that such friendly tests, only requiring three questions, arent considered reliable. Condits refusal to play by the new behavioral rules for public officials. Public officials must go through human ethics training it is an instrument for building integrity in state institutions and making sure there is a noble worth of governance. (What REALLY Happened To Chandra Levy). An online magazine writer, Mikey Kaus suggested that if Condit was normal, smart and aware of the rules of engagement (created in response to the Lewinsky-Clinton scandal) then he would have held a press conference the first week Levy was missing, admitted to having an affair with her, and would say that he was terribly sorry and didnt do anything to harm her. Since this is not what happened, he had been put in the impossible position of trying to establish his own innocence without the media being his ally. The government was not directly affected by this scandal, although small pieces within it were. The complicated and mysterious situation had affected the justice and equity and a sort of closure within Levy and Condits relationship. The laxity of the law enforcement system had been compromised. Since Condit had lost the chance of re-election, all of his campaign money was wasted, but the government did not suffer as much as it could have. Surprisingly, many people were effected by the events, and chilling facts of this case. Chandras parents and family were the most affected, losing a beloved daughter who had such a successful and happy life ahead of her. Soon after Levy had disappeared, her home town of Modesto, California and the Levy family had arranged a memorial for their daughter. A turn-out of twelve-hundred people had shown up to pay their respects to the young intern. Condits career and family life had suffered a large blow, but he was a protected person that could eventually rebuild his life unlike the Levy family, they will never be able to do. There is no perfect outcome from this tragic scandal, there is little justice for Chandra and her family. The conviction of Chandras supposed killer, was clearly made by weak assumptions and deceptive evidence. Ingmar Guandigue had not been convicted for the murder of Levy but had been sentenced for other criminal attacks on women. Condit had preserved his innocence and has been protected from ever being seen as the real villain. The defense attorney who worked on the case, had stated that Condit acted like a guilty man and received special treatment after authorities had ruled him out of being a suspect. Fifteen years following her murder, Condit had published a book called Actual Malice describing the unfortunate events that had occurred during his time knowing and being involved with Levy but also his side of the story. Gary had issued a statement through his lawyer saying that he was disappointed in the dismissal of his involvement in the case. The failure of authorities to bring formal closure to this tragedy after fifteen years is very disappointing but in no way alters the fact that Mr. Condit was long ago exonerated by authorities.Although he has had plenty enough media time to prove his innocence, millions of people whole-heartedly believe that Condit is completely guilty. The national sensation, although unfortunate, had gained millions of questions, and more than enough attention. Government scandals always seem to be covered up somehow, the truth is twisted to preserve ones innocence. Chandra Ann Levy, was someone who could change our world and create a safer place for our future children, her untimely death has made a numerous amount of people open their eyes to much more than what is put in front of them. Levys story, and even her murder has proven that no matter how intelligent, beautiful, and protected people can be manipulated in ways that can end their life.

Essay on Contrasting Settings in Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles

Contrasting Settings in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles The setting or settings in a novel are often an important element in the work. Many novels use contrasting places such as cities or towns, to represent opposing forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of the work. In Thomas Hardy's novel, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, the contrasting settings of Talbothays Dairy and Flintcomb-Ash represent the opposing forces of good and evil in Tess' life. A significant portion of the novel taks place at Talbothays Dairy, which represents the force of good in Tess' life. At Talbothays, the air is "clear, bracing, and ethereal"; the river flows like the " pure River of Life" and the air "set up [Tess'] spirits wonderfully." The author describes the valley as a kind of paradise, with clean, fresh air and a flowing river. Upon entering the region, Tess reaches an emotional high encouraged by the beautiful atmosphere. At Talbothays, the milkers form "a little battalion of men and women," often "singing songs to entice the cows...

Marketing Of Landscape Gardening Essay

Landscapers use their aptitude for art combined with their knowledge of plants to create breathtaking landscapes. But a landscape artist cannot share his knowledge unless he promotes his business. Business promotion is a combination of activities that create and maintain a positive image in a customer’s mind. Customer service, broad knowledge of the business and fair pricing strategies support promotional activities and contribute to the success of any business. Word of Mouth (Recommendations) This is the cheapest and best method of advertising your Landscape Gardening business, but it requires that you already have done some work. Your existing clients can be your biggest help in spreading the word about your business. This business thrives on referrals, so make sure that you talk to your existing customers and ask them if there’s anyone that may benefit your service. Advertisements Advertise on newspapers, tv ads, local ad magazines, billboards, your vehicle etc, however, the ads should be short and easy to read. Plant Exhibitions Contact convention organizers and event planning agencies in your area and learn about business exhibition opportunities. Many events are geared toward the small business owner and are reasonably priced. Attend plant exhibitions to promote your business. Plant exhibitions allow you to promote your products or services at a venue related to landscaping. Such exhibitions provide a venue to network and reach out to customers. Trade shows are also a good place to distribute promotional items. Create Business Cards Create business cards that match your brochures and website design. Creating matching promotional collateral creates a cohesive feel and helps establish your brand. Make Brochures Create visually pleasing brochures. Make sure the brochure lists your services, pricing, contact information and a bit about the business. You can also hire a designer to prepare brochures for you. Create a Website Contact a Web developer or create a website on your own. Your website’s content should appeal to people in your area. Include helpful information, such as guides to weeding, planting and winterizing gardens. Several services offer website packages that make creating a site simple. Link your site to Twitter and possibly a dedicated business page on Facebook

crime in IT essays

crime in IT essays Ethics in the Age of Information The information age is the age we live in today, and with the information age comes an age of ethics. When we deal with the new technologies introduced every day, we need to decide what we must consider ethical and unethical. We must consider all factors so that the use of the information readily available to many persons is not abused. "Information technology will be the most fundamental area of ethical concern for business in the next decade" (Houston 2). The most widely used tool of the information age is the computer, whether it be a PC or a network of computer systems. As we enter the information age the newness and power of information technologies tests the ethics of the average person, not just the criminal and causes thousands of computer crimes to be committed daily. The most common computer crime committed daily, some aware and many not, is the illegal sharing of computer software. Software is any of the programs used in operating a digital computer, as input and output programs, as defined by Funk and Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary. When you purchase computer software, you purchase it with the understanding that it will be for use on a single computer, once installed on that system, it is not to be loaded on any other computer. However many people are not aware of this understanding, and many load a program on a couple of computers or on a whole network of computer systems not aware that they are committing a crime. Even though you probably will not be prosecuted for loading a program on a friends computer, this is where your ethics come in. Do you consider anything when you share a program with others? If not then consider the programmers of the software who are denied compensation for their developments every time you distribute a piece of software. "Why is it that people who wouldn't think ofstealing pack of gum will copy a $500 piece of software" (Houston 3)? A popular form off illega...

Definition and Evaluation of Holistic Grading

Definition and Evaluation of Holistic Grading Holistic grading is a method of evaluating a composition based on its overall quality. Also known as  global grading, single-impression scoring, and impressionistic grading. Developed by the Educational Testing Service, holistic grading is often used in large-scale assessments, such as college placement tests. Graders are expected to make judgments based on criteria that have been agreed upon before the start of an evaluation session. Contrast with analytic grading. Holistic grading is useful as a time-saving approach, but it does not provide students with detailed feedback. Observations Teachers who practice holistic grading refuse to break down a students essay into separate problems like punctuation and paragraphing, but base their grade on their immediate sense of the whole derived from a deliberately nonanalytical reading.(Peggy Rosenthal, Words and Values: Some Leading Words and Where They Lead Us. Oxford University Press, 1984)Holistic Grading and Peer ReviewIf the speed of grading is more important than detailed feedback, then  holistic grading is  more appropriate; it just means less feedback for the writer. Pairs or small groups can also evaluate one anothers work using this rubric. Called peer review, it gives them practice in evaluation, helps them internalize the criteria, and relieves you of the burden of grading.(Nancy Burkhalter,  Critical Thinking Now: Practical Teaching Methods for Classrooms Around the World.  Rowman Littlefield,  2016)Inductive Holistic Grading[Holistic grading] is relatively quick, efficient, reliable, and fair when ba cked by instructor experience, practice, and familiarity with the student performance range at the institution. In addition, it easily accommodates essays and assignments that demand higher-order thinking and have multiple respectable responses.With inductive holistic grading, which is suitable for small classes, you read quickly through all the responses or papers, rank each above or below the ones you have already read, from best to worst, and then group them for assigning grades. Finally, you write up descriptions of the quality of each group and then give them to students when you return their work. To personalize the feedback, you can add comments to each students sheet or highlight the most applicable parts of the appropriate description.(Linda B. Nilson, Teaching at Its Best: A Research-Based Resource for College Instructors, 3rd ed. Jossey-Bass, 2010) Advantages and Disadvantages of Holistic Grading- An advantage to holistic grading is that graders can evaluate many papers in a short span of time because they do not comment on or correct the students work. Advocates of this method also propose that it makes grading more objective, since students names do not appear on the papers and since the rater may not have had the student in a class . . ..Critics of the method have questioned its validity and reliability, arguing that holistic ratings are swayed by superficial factors such as length and appearance of an essay, that holistic ratings cannot be generalized beyond the group that designed the criteria for judgment, and that the agreed-upon criteria can limit the readers views on the merits of the writing they are evaluating . . ..(Edith Babin and Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies: A Guide to Theorists and Terms. Greenwood Press, 1999)- [H]olistic grading is  probably not the best tactic, even if it seems the ea siest and quickest. Assigning a single score, grade, or judgment leaves the student unsure about both quality and content. One simple approach is to give a composition one grade for content coverage and a separate grade for writing quality.(Robert C. Calfee and Roxanne Greitz Miller, Best Practices in Writing Assessment for Instruction.  Best Practices in Writing Instruction, 2nd ed., edited by  Steve Graham et al. Guilford Press, 2013) Holistic RubricsHolistic rubrics are the quickest way to score papers in any content area, requiring a teacher to read a paper only once. Teachers can develop rubrics by basing them on the content theyve taught and practiced; assess papers based on established criteria agreed upon by students and teachers; and give a single holistic score that indicates the quality level of the writing, ranging from deficient to competent to outstanding.(Vicki Urquhart and Monette McIver, Teaching Writing in the Content Areas. ASCD, 2005)

Tourism and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tourism and Development - Essay Example Regrettably, many environmentalists seem unaware of this fact. This once again points to the necessity, for policy makers, managers, and scholars alike, to subscribe to an integrated systemic approach. Within this integrated approach to the development system are the three critically important and interdependent subsystems: economy, environment (conservation), and culture (including society). Taken together, the expanded system illuminates and in practical terms largely equates with the total environment, the total ecosystem, or more precisely the human environment, as an operational system (Gartner 1999, 117; Smith & Eadington 1992, 92). To think narrowly of the human world order in terms such as the "natural environment perturbed by human agencies" omits so much, is unrealistic and artificial, destroys an integrated approach, and by its restrictiveness all but denies sustainability in its non-fundamentalist new sense (West 2004, 307). At the other extreme, to think narrowly in terms of tourist management concerned only with tourism supply, demand, infrastructure, and consumers, in other words "the industry," is to sadly misinterpret today's realities. To view development in the matrix of the development system does not dilute attention to the economy or natural environment; rather, it adds significantly by acknowledging previously missing elements. Under contemporary circumstances, the natural environment is being looked at much more seriously than before, but in a considerably wider context. In developing countries1, it is understood that long term survival means the conservation and enhancement of the resource base in a closely knit milieu of cultural needs and economic aspirations. I term this element in this context "conservation," but conservation in its widest sense. Poverty is considered a major element in environmental degradation in some countries (for precision in the use of the term "degradation," see Butcher, 2002, 80). Attempts to prevent poverty in some places, and in others to prevent degradation from other sources and to restore degraded landscape while maintaining acceptable living conditions, require both development and redevelopment to take new and more benign directions. Large numbers of the elements of more conventional development may remain, but they may not be extended as far as previously and they might now explore new directions while others are being reassessed (Butcher 2002, 45). The removal of negative externalities where serious environmental and social impacts exist would normally become an expected cost of production, and higher consumer costs would be a tradeoff for a nondeteriorating, overall human environment (Farrell 1992, 27). The use of higher priced, chemical-free meat and vegetables, perceived by numbers of tourists as already worthwhile, or higher room rates associated with lower tourist densities on environmentally sensitive land would be examples. But for the tourism operator, all would not be lost by any means. What might appear a setback in one area can be an unexpected surprise in another. Interesting tradeoffs may arise, such as specialized eco-tourism (Mowforth & Munt 2003, 112). Other examples include tourism protecting or reinforcing the protection of wildlife in Kenya, gorillas and chimpanzees in Zaire (World Wildlife Fund-Conservation Foundation 1988 cited in Smith 2003, 33), harp seals in Labrador, wetlands in

Risk Analysis and Ethical Considerations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Analysis and Ethical Considerations - Essay Example As the discussion there are three main events under this theory. First all actions must be judged from the consequence of the actions. Secondly, the judgment is about the quantum of happiness these actions have generated. Lastly, each person’s welfare is equally important and actions must be directed to this objective. There are two sub theories of Utilitarianism. Van Wyck explains that under Act Utilitarianism theory the view taken is that a right action is one that is also chosen by another individual, and the common intention is to produce at least the same good result. Under this theory an action is taken for the larger good even if it means abandoning or ignoring a rule or set of rules. In other words ends justify the means. This study stresses that the proponents of the other theory called Rule Utilitarianism believe firmly in observing rule and not encroaching on others happiness even if the happiness of a larger group is likely to be affected. This means that rules are meant to be followed to preserve sense and balance in a society. The other group called Deontological theory hold that obligations must be followed irrespective of consequences. Deontologists insist that actions are morally in the wrong not because of their consequences, but because fundamentally these actions are a moral violation (Boxill). Morally right mans approved by God and morally wrong means disapproved by God. The will of God is the arbiter of right or wrong. In 1907 Henry Sidgwick expanded the Greatest Happiness principle to conclude that welfare of the people was more paramount than mere happiness. He felt that utilitarianism could be used to balance the morality of â€Å"common sense:† In effect Sidgwick attempted to bring utilitarianism into mainstream thinking of other less philosophical theories on ethics.